At 10 o’clock on a Saturday night, the Mariana Grajales park in
downtown Havana pulses with a thumping beat. Young men in drooping
trousers and women in miniskirts dance, raise their hands in the air and
grind pelvis to pelvis amid whooping, clapping and coarse jokes.
The
risque dance style known as “perreo,” which translates loosely as
“dogging,” is associated with reggaeton, an up-tempo mix of reggae,
hip-hop and Latin rhythms that was popularized in Puerto Rico and has
become a mainstay on Cuban TV and radio.
Now, the music finds
itself squarely in the sights of critics who lament the genre’s
notoriously suggestive lyrics, steamy videos and sometimes misogynistic
stereotyping.
Cuban authorities recently announced restrictions
reportedly declaring state-run recording studios and broadcasts
off-limits to songs with questionable lyrics. They also prohibit such
music in performance spaces subject to government control.
The
rules would theoretically apply to all genres, but it’s reggaeton that
leading cultural lights have singled out for criticism in official media
while warning of new rules governing “public uses of music.”
Legislators
are also studying a bill to regulate the airwaves and performance
spaces. Artists would face potential sanctions for lyrics and
performances deemed too racy, although it’s not yet clear who would be
the official arbiters of taste or what penalties may be imposed.
“It
has been decided,” said Danilo Sirio Lopez, director of the Cuban
Institute of Radio and Television, in a December speech to lawmakers.
“We will not play one more rude song, one more base song, one more song
with offensive lyrics or videos that attack or denigrate the image of
women.”
The proposal apparently falls short of an outright ban,
but in a country where the government is the main patron of the arts and
controls all airwaves, the threat of losing access to broadcasts,
production facilities and performance spaces sends a clear message to
reggaetoneros: Clean up your act, or else.
The past year’s hit
song, “Quimba Pa’ Que Suene,” by Los Principales, translates gently as
“Shake It So It Goes Off” and is a kind of homage to masturbation. The
video was uploaded to YouTube and heralded as “the new hymn of Cuban
youth,” and for the last year it could be heard booming at top volume at
private parties, school events and other get-togethers.
The
runaway smash “El Chupi Chupi,” by Osmani Garcia and various artists,
was also criticized for its creative wordplay about sexual acts. “Go on
make yourself pretty, and turn out the lights, the orgy has begun,” goes
one of the few lines printable in a family newspaper.
Officials, critics and the influential Cuban Women’s Federation complain both songs are vulgar and demeaning to women.
“Obviously
everyone is free to listen in private to whatever music they want,”
said Orlando Vistel, president of the Cuban Music Institute, an arm of
the Culture Ministry that promotes music. “But that freedom does not
include the right to reproduce it and play it in state or private
restaurants or cafeterias, public buses or public spaces in general.”
Cuba’s
unique political and economic model may have cut many off from the
Internet and other global phenomena, but they haven’t insulated the
island from all of the region’s trends, said Roberto Zurbano, a promoter
at the government-run cultural institute Casa de las Americas.
Reggaeton’s popularity on the island is a product of those influences,
he said.
“Reggaeton is a music that very much reflects the era,
an era of marginalization,” Zurbano said. “In general reggaeton is about
the poor people of the Caribbean, with its poverty, violence,
precariousness, machismo,Find detailed product information for howo spare parts and other products. the avalanche of television, consumerism, the lack of values.”
Experts
also credit reggaeton’s popularity to its simple but catchy beat. And
they say it’s here to stay, as evidenced by artists from other genres
such as salsa incorporating the sound into their music.
“Very
easy to dance to. ... It should be no surprise that it has caught on so
easily among young people,” said Raul Fernandez, a professor at the
School of Social Sciences of the University of California, Irvine, who
has written about Cuban music.
“The lyrics to dance music are often not exemplary in a literary sense,High quality stone mosaic tiles.” he added, but “people aren’t going to dance in order to be educated by the lyrics.”
Indeed, some fans barely notice the slangy, rapid-fire lyrics, or say it’s not the main attraction.
“I
really like reggaeton. It has a beat that fires me up,” said Yanet
Perez, a 28-year-old Havana resident. “It’s fun to dance to because of
the way it gets you moving, although the lyrics sometimes can be bad or
slimy.”
Records with explicit lyrics in the United States have
carried parental warning labels since the 1980s, and last year the
Rihanna video “S&M” was banned in at least 11 countries. In 2009,
Jamaica prohibited songs and videos with explicit references to sex and
violence from being broadcast on radio or TV.
The backlash against reggaeton has historical echoes in Cuba,China plastic moulds
manufacturers directory. where genres such as danzon, cha-cha, timba
and salsa once scandalized older generations by pushing contemporary
boundaries of sensuality. Today, they are firmly established in the
musical mainstream.
In the 1960s the Beatles were banned from
Cuban radio, and some fans were forced to cut their long hair,
reprimanded at work or passed over for jobs. Now, a Havana plaza boasts a
statue of John Lennon and the nearby Beatles-themed bar The Yellow
Submarine is a thriving nightspot.
Ironically, some of those who
would clamp a lid on reggaeton’s excesses once rebelled against their
own elders by listening clandestinely to John, Paul, George and Ringo.
“Reggaeton
is very popular among young people,” said 22-year-old singer Carlitos
“Papi” Chacon, who avoids explicit lyrics in his own music but
acknowledged that many of his peers “say crazy stuff.”
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